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Governing Deep Differences

Explores how plural societies sustain cooperation across ideological divides
Girl wrapped in Ukrainian flag, protesting war

Deep differences—religious, ethnic, moral, ideological—are unavoidable features of modern life. This program seeks to understand how plural societies sustain cooperation amid profound disagreement. Drawing on political theory, institutional analysis, and comparative research, it investigates how norms, laws, and shared practices make coexistence possible. 


We study the institutional architectures that transform conflict into collaboration—from local governance arrangements to constitutional frameworks and civic organizations. The goal is not consensus, but peaceful cohabitation: to discover how diverse people build durable systems of mutual respect and common purpose. Our work connects philosophical inquiry with practical lessons for democratic resilience in divided societies. 

The Future of the Middle East, October 20, 2025

Nadav Eyal will leads a discussion, “The Future of the Middle East.” He is a Senior Research Scholar and Adjunct Professor at Columbia University’s Faculty of International and Public Affairs.

Swing State(s) of Mind, October 13, 2025

Kobby Barda shared his documentary, Swing State(s) of Mind, a film that follows the journey of Kobby Barda across five swing states in the month before the 2024 presidential election, including Pittsburgh.

Advancing the Middle East Peace Plan: What's Next?, October 3, 2025

This webinar explores how Palestinian state-building and multilateral frameworks must accompany ceasefires to ensure durable peace.

2025 Pittsburgh Global Forum, August 29, 2025

A one-day event on governance and global affairs, focusing on Overcoming Deep Differences and strategies for rebuilding trust in divided communities.

Self Governance in Focus Workshop , July 3, 2025

CGM partnered with the Institute for Humane Studies for an online research workshop exploring federalism, subsidiarity, and self-governance. Scholars presented work on rural policy, tribal governance, administrative challenges, and community empowerment through decentralized approaches.

Regulating Nonprofit Organizations in China: History and Present, May 13, 2025

Xiaoyun Wang examines how privatization reforms have reshaped nonprofit regulation in China, shifting from command-and-control to more complex forms of governance.

Self Governance and Pluralism in Divided Times , April 24, 2025

In partnership with the Institute for Humane Studies, CGM co-hosted an academic research symposium in Arlington, VA, exploring self-governance and pluralism in divided times. Sessions featured scholars discussing decentralization, federalism, and institutional reform. 

Global Civil Society and China: Challenges and Prospects, April 10, 2025

Anthony Spires explores the evolving relationship between global civil society and China, highlighting its challenges, impacts, and prospects for change.

Beyond Free Expression: The Duty of Universities to Foster Conversation., March 25, 2025

Tom Ginsburg is the founding Faculty Director at the Forum for Free Inquiry and Expression at the University of Chicago.

Orchestrating Volunteer Service for State Interests: An Inquiry of Volunteering in Contemporary China, March 13, 2025

Ming Hu analyzes how the Chinese state integrates volunteering into governance, transforming it into a tool for ideological and political aims.

Looking at Chinese Foundations with a Western Lens, February 27, 2025

Stefan Toepler discusses the limits of applying Western models to Chinese foundations and identifies new directions for philanthropic research.

Towards Pittsburgh Principles: Exploring the Rules Governing Freedom of Inquiry and Expression on University Campuses and at Pitt, February 21, 2025

 This workshop aims to foster meaningful dialogue and collaboration on freedom of expression and civil discourse.

Welcome to China? Foreign Donations and Domestic Contributions, December 17, 2024

Huafang Li investigates how foreign donations shape domestic giving and government support for nonprofits in authoritarian contexts.

Civil War to Civil Discourse: Lessons from the Middle East for Syria, December 14, 2024

Al Mutar will draw on his experiences in his native Iraq during a period of conflict and reflect on the challenges of fostering democracy, education, and civil discourse in Syria and the Middle East.

Resilience and Resistance: Afghan Women’s Fight Against the Taliban and the Role of Global Economic Sanctions, December 2, 2024

Hasina Jalal (University of Pittsburgh) presents her research on Afghan women’s social movements and resilience under Taliban rule.

Environmental Diplomacy During Crises: A View from Israel and Palestine, December 2, 2024

Tareq Abu Hamed discusses environmental diplomacy and the role of science in fostering relationships across the Middle East. This project brings together Israeli, Palestinian, Jordanian, and international students to protect fragile shared environmental resources, eliminate conflict over these scarce natural resources, and serve as a model for constructive peacemaking. 

You Can't Buy Hope, So Where Can You Find It, November 19, 2024

Rabbi Jeffrey Myers shares reflections on resilience and his message that love is stronger than hate following the Tree of Life tragedy.

The Dynamics of Ukraine’s Decentralized Crisis Response During the Full-Scale Russian Invasion, November 13, 2024

Oleksanda Keudal examines how local authorities in Ukraine have mobilized resources, knowledge, and institutional innovations to handle war-related crises from 2022 to 2024.

14th Five-Year Plan for Social Organization Development: China’s Nonprofit Sector in Transition, November 7, 2024

Qun Wang examines how China’s 14th Five-Year Plan is transforming the nonprofit sector and reshaping state–society relations.

Losing Hearts and Minds: Ethnicity and Civilian Targeting in Myanmar’s Civil War, November 6, 2024

Kamran Hakiman investigates why states use indiscriminate violence against some civilian populations following guerrilla attacks but not others, focusing on Myanmar’s post-coup civil war.

We Have Never Been Woke: The Cultural Contradictions of a New Elite, November 4, 2024

Al-Gharbi explores how the rise of “symbolic capitalists”—professionals in fields like education, media, law, and NGOs—contribute to social and economic inequalities, despite commitments to social justice.  

Who Fills the Seats? Publicly Employed Women in Russian Municipal Politics, October 30, 2024

Valeria Umanets explores women’s participation in Russian municipal politics and their role in stabilizing authoritarian governance by enhancing the delivery of essential welfare services. The research draws on interviews with municipal representatives, fieldwork observations, and electoral data analysis. 

Navigating Modernity: Contemporary Religiosities of Muslim and Druze Students in Israel, October 21, 2024

Sawsan Kheir examines how young adult Muslim and Druze university students in Israel navigate the interaction between their religious beliefs and contemporary societal norms.

The Judeo-Islamic Tradition: A Forgotten Story, October 16, 2024

Mustafa Akyol addresses historical episodes of coexistence and collaboration between Jewish and Muslim communities, drawing attention to how these experiences can inform current perspectives on governance and pluralism. 

NGOs as Policy Entrepreneurs: Transnational Advocacy and Mechanisms for Greening the Belt and Road Initiative, October 15, 2024

Hui Li and May Farid explore the role of NGOs in shaping environmental governance within China’s Belt and Road Initiative.

Overcoming Polarization: Beginning with How We Think, October 10, 2024

Ilana Redstone presents her book The Certainty Trap: Why We Need to Question Ourselves More and How We Can Judge Others Less. Co-hosted by the Year of Discourse and Dialogue, the Institute of Politics (IOP), and All Angles at GSPIA, students are encouraged to engage in a thoughtful conversation on how we can overcome polarization by rethinking our approach to certainty and judgment.

Bohemia, Prague, and Franz Kafka – Intercultural Contexts in Central Europe, October 8, 2024

Steffen Höhn explores Franz Kafka’s work in relation to the cultural and political dynamics of Bohemia and Prague.

WINIR 2024 Conference, September 19, 2024

This conference will explore the resilience of governance systems and their ability to respond to and recover from crises such as economic downturns, political instability, and environmental calamities.

Back Roads and Better Angels: A Journey Into the Heart of American Democracy, September 18, 2024

Frank Barry discusses his new book, Back Roads and Better Angels: A Journey Into the Heart of American Democracy, which explores America's deep political and cultural divides through a reflective journey along the Lincoln Highway.

WINIR 2024 Young Scholars Pre-Conference Workshop, September 18, 2024

This workshop is designed to support emerging scholars by providing them with a platform to present their research, receive feedback from experienced academics, and engage in discussions that explore how institutional theory can help societies with deep cultural and political differences coexist peacefully and thrive.

Enforcing Boundaries: China's Overseas NGO Law and Operational Constraints for Global Civil Society, September 17, 2024

Meng Ye and Andrew Heiss analyze how China’s Overseas NGO Law has redefined the space for international nonprofits and civic engagement.

Workshop: Local Governance and the Path to Peace in Myanmar, September 12, 2024

This event is a timely response to the rapidly evolving situation in Myanmar, aiming to foster discussions and strategies for resolving long-standing conflicts and building trust among diverse ethnic and regional groups in the country.

The Impact of Digital Management on Volunteer Outcomes, August 13, 2024

Hui Yin presents research on how digital tools for volunteer management can both empower and constrain nonprofit outcomes in China.

Government Funding and Nonprofit Performance: Exploring the Mediating Roles of Private Donations, Volunteers and Network Quality, May 7, 2024

Shen Yongdong investigates how government funding influences nonprofit performance in China through donations, volunteers, and networks.

Harnessing Religion for Social Cohesion: Managing Ethnic Diversity in Haifa, April 28, 2024

Uriel Simonsohn discusses the role of interreligious dialogue in mitigating conflict and fostering coexistence in Israel’s mixed cities.

The Future of Philanthropy and Volunteerism in China, April 8, 2024

Reza Hasmath explores why Chinese citizens remain hesitant to engage in philanthropy and volunteerism despite state promotion of “model citizenship.”

America Last: The Right's Century Long Romance with Foreign Dictators, March 28, 2024

Jacob Heilbrunn & Damir Marusic discuss the book written by Heilbrunn, America Last. This book argues that dictator worship is a longstanding romantic impulse that fits firmly within the modern American political tradition―and shows what it means for us today.

Creating a Culture of Philanthropy and Volunteerism in Contemporary China, March 26, 2024

Jessica Teets discusses how state messaging on “common prosperity” intersects with rising trends in philanthropy and volunteerism among Chinese citizens.

All the Kingdoms of the World: Radical Religious Alternatives to Liberalism, March 7, 2024

Kevin Vallier discusses how older religious influences are taking back their political influences by rejecting the doctrine of liberalism that they have seen as their oppressors.

Freedoms Delayed: Political Legacies of Islamic Law in the Middle East, March 4, 2024

Timur Kuran discusses his book Freedoms Delayed, which explores the lasting political effects of the Middle East's lengthy exposure to Islamic law.

Powerlessness and Populism: Does America Need a New Governing Vision?, March 1, 2024

This forum will address the broad resentment at government and social institutions and debate the provocative overhaul thesis of the new book by Philip K. Howard, Everyday Freedom: Designing the Framework for a Flourishing Society (Rodin 2024)

Policy Workshop: Powerlessness and Populism: Does America Need a New Governing Vision?, March 1, 2024

A forum to explore overhaul of broken government operating structures.

Overcoming Deep Differences, February 21, 2024

This manuscript workshop explored how individuals, communities, and societies address deep divisions caused by polarization, economic, social, and cultural cleavages. 

Two Cheers for Optimism: Liberal Democracy, Its Critics and Virtues, February 12, 2024

Dan Cole and Michael McGinnis gave a presentation, based on a book manuscript that explores the reasons for which liberalism is under attack and revisits the diversity and eclecticism of the liberal family, with emphasis on the relationship between liberalism and political moderation.

Myanmar and Southeast Asia: Challenges and Opportunities in Regional Relations  , February 9, 2024

CGM and the Hollings Center co-hosted a regional dialogue in Kuala Lumpur focused on the challenges and opportunities in Myanmar–Southeast Asia relations. The event convened regional experts and stakeholders to discuss political dynamics, economic ties, and pathways for greater cooperation amid ongoing instability. 

A Political Theory of Governance of Diversity, January 30, 2024

This talk presents a political theory of governance of cultural diversity developed in Omar Sadr's book, Negotiating Cultural Diversity. It argues that a pluralistic society should forge a balance between three key elements: individual autonomy, counter-homogenization measures, and intercultural dialogue.

The New Central Social Affairs Department of the Chinese Communist Party and its Impact on Social Policy in China, January 24, 2024

Mark Sidel reviews the creation of the Chinese Communist Party’s new Central Social Affairs Department and its implications for China’s social policy.

Affective Lockdown: Administrative Chaos and Informal Repairing in the Local Enactment of Immobility in Urban China, January 23, 2024

Yan Long reveals how frontline workers used emotional and informal practices to sustain neighborhood governance during China’s COVID-19 lockdowns.

The Identity Trap, January 20, 2024

In The Identity Trap (Penguin Random House, 2023), Mounk argues that although appreciating the cultural diversity is vital for our democracy, a new ideology is on the rise: one that puts too much emphasis on group identity, and in doing so, deepens polarization and threatens democracy.

Rebel and Incumbent Law and the Durability of Post-Civil War Peace, December 4, 2023

Liana Reyes from Purdue University discusses Rebel and Incumbent Law and the Durability of Post-Civil War Peace.

Iran: Stoking Divides in the Middle East, November 29, 2023

Mohamad Machine-Chian, CGM Senior Research Scholar, will discuss “Iran: Stoking Divides in the Middle East” as part of the Governing Deep Differences lecture series. This talk will analyze how Iran systematically exports terrorism through a network of organizations, rooted in the country’s ruling ideology.

Identity and Security in the Black Sea Region, September 13, 2023

Marian Zulean discusses his new co-edited volume, Social Values and Identities in the Black Sea Region (Roman & Littlefield, 2023), which explores the nexus between geopolitical challenges and cultural frameworks in the Black Sea region. He also discussed how the war in Ukraine affects regional dynamics.

Reading Workshop: Governing Deep Differences, July 27, 2023

This workshop brought together scholars to discuss approaches to governing deep-seated societal differences and identified frameworks to foster tolerance, peaceful coexistence, and collaboration among diverse communities.

Modus Vivendi, Polycentrism, and Institutional Diversity: Reading Workshop, July 27, 2023

The Center for Governance and Markets invited scholars to discuss readings that serve as the theoretical and empirical foundations of the project, Governing Deep Differences.